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The first book of its kind, Hearts and Minds is a scathing response to the grand narrative of U.S. counterinsurgency, in which warfare is defined not by military might alone but by winning the "hearts and minds" of civilians. Dormant as a tactic since the days of the Vietnam War, in 2006 the U.S. Army drafted a new field manual heralding the resurrection of counterinsurgency as a primary military engagement strategy; counterinsurgency campaigns followed in Iraq and Afghanistan, despite the fact that counterinsurgency had utterly failed to account for the actual lived experiences of the people whose hearts and minds America had sought to win.
Drawing on leading thinkers in the field and using key examples from Malaya, the Philippines, Vietnam, El Salvador, Iraq, and Afghanistan, Hearts and Minds brings a long-overdue focus on the many civilians caught up in these conflicts. Both urgent and timely, this important book challenges the idea of a neat divide between insurgents and the populations from which they emerge—and should be required reading for anyone engaged in the most important contemporary debates over U.S. military policy.
- Sales Rank: #335428 in eBooks
- Published on: 2013-10-01
- Released on: 2013-10-01
- Format: Kindle eBook
From Publishers Weekly
N.Y.U. Professor Gurman compiles essays on counterinsurgency (COIN), defined as efforts to eliminate an uprising against a government and whose chief aim is to separate the insurgents from the population. COIN is traced from the Kennedy administration all the way back to Lawrence of Arabia. Contributing authors appraise COIN in countries from Malaya (Malaysia), the Philippines, and Vietnam, to El Salvador, Iraq, and Afghanistan, and discuss various intimidating and punitive COIN tactics, including psychological warfare, night raids, police sweeps, targeted assassinations, scorched-earth campaigns, and softer techniques like the use of state-of-the-art technologies and close cooperation between military and civilian intelligence agencies. Emphasis is placed on the fact that, historically, COIN operations often worsen the climate of misery in war-torn nations, yet their effects are sometimes downplayed to conceal the grisly reality on the ground. Less attention, notably, is given to COIN successes, leading one to wonder if there have been any. Overall, the book leaves readers with a distinct impression of the difficulties of quelling insurrection when rebels, in Mao&'s words, move amongst the people as a fish swims in the sea. (Oct.)
From Booklist
In December 2006, amidst protracted conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, the U.S. military released FM 3-24, a new field manual on counterinsurgency (or COIN, in military-speak). Coauthored by David Petraeus and built in part upon his dissertation on Vietnam, its stated purpose was to help prepare U.S. Army and Marine Corps leaders to conduct COIN operations anywhere in the world by collecting and codifying the accumulated lessons of several generations of U.S. counterinsurgency warfare around the world. FM 3-24 and other procounterinsurgency articles that emerged around the same time gave rise to what New York University scholar Gurman describes as a grand narrative of COIN that was used to indoctrinate military personnel, as well as the public, into the COIN paradigm. Collecting eight scholarly papers on the history, theory, and practice of counterinsurgency warfare, this selection aims to counter this grand narrative by identifying the limitations, contradictions, and outright failures of COIN warfare and emphasizing its consequences for the people living in places where COIN is used. Gurman herself writes on Vietnam; other commentators cover actions in Malaya, the Philippines, El Salvador, Iraq, and Afghanistan. One of several recent works criticizing COIN (see also Colonel Gian Gentile’s Wrong Turn, 2013), readers looking for a multi-vocal survey of the issue will appreciate this selection. --Brendan Driscoll
Review
"Counterinsurgency is a tactical phoenix, dying only to rise again, ever-ready to win hearts and minds for the American empire. This essential volume makes it possible to understand the past and prepare for the next time the siren song of counterinsurgency is sung."
—Marilyn Young
"Hannah Gurman has assembled a groundbreaking volume filled with fresh perspectives and revealing insights. If you want to understand America’s recent debacles in Iraq and Afghanistan, Hearts and Minds is essential reading.”
—Nick Turse, author of Kill Anything That Moves: The Real American War in Vietnam
"Essential reading for anyone who wants to see beyond the illusions about counterinsurgency warfare that the U.S. and British governments and media have sold their people. These histories show that, despite decades of occupations and well-funded and well-lauded strategic thinking, the hearts and minds of the occupied have remained beyond their militaries’ ken and control."
—Catherine Lutz, author of The Bases of Empire and a contributor to The Counter-Counterinsurgency Manual
"With America creeping toward military intervention in the Syrian civil war, Hannah Gurman’s volume comes at an opportune time. While generals offer up moralistic bromides about protecting foreign populations at the barrel of an American gun, Hearts and Minds lays bare the brutal and destructive truth behind American military activism in the world."
—Colonel Gian Gentile
Most helpful customer reviews
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Important book for scholars of counterinsurgency warfare
By Nicholas Lloyd
An interesting collection of opinions on various conflicts of the late 20th and early 21st centuries, this books seeks to question the popular consensus of counterinsurgency theory. Important reading for all contemporary scholars of warfare.
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
especially as our country reengages militarily in Iraq with so poor a public understanding of our military history in that ...
By Ross Caputi
Military doctrine and theory often exists as an isolated discourse that only experts, specialists, and veterans have access to. Hearts and Minds: A people's History of Counterinsurgency opens up the theory and doctrine of counterinsurgency to outside critique and makes it accessible to those not familiarized with the jargon-filled discourse of military thinkers. In my mind, its most valuable contributions are: 1) making military theory and doctrine interdisciplinary, and 2) measuring the humanistic rhetoric of counterinsurgency against the history of how it has effected ordinary people. This book is a sorely needed intervention, especially as our country reengages militarily in Iraq with so poor a public understanding of our military history in that country.
3 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
A poorly edited and unprofessionally executed mess
By Roger FitzAlan
I purchased this book because the idea of a "people's history" of counterinsurgency is a noble one. COIN (military code for the counter-insurgency doctrine of separating the 'hearts and minds' of regular people from the rebels among them) has a checkered history in the U.S. We failed at counterinsurgency in Vietnam, seemingly left Iraq with a large question mark, and seem also to be failing in Afghanistan. It is high time we examine the reasons why we fail to win over foreign populations in our attempts to rebuild them during/after major war. Unfortunately, this collection of essays on the subject is a poorly edited and horrifically executed mess.
Gurman's premise is promising: fusing several pieces from several different kinds of scholars together, with the overarching theme of challenging General Petraeus's optimism over the re-introduction of COIN into American military practice. While I was puzzled with her assertion that there is a "grand narrative" (going beyond military brass) about successful American counter-insurgency that she needs to challenge (Was anyone in late 2013, when this book was published, really arguing that our counterinsurgency in Afghanistan had been successful?), I was encouraged at the breadth and diversity of the examples the book would use. Unfortunately, my optimism went off the rails pretty quickly.
The essays were either not intended for this project originally, and thus poorly edited for this 'history,' or many of them were poorly conceived or poorly written. The first entry on British counterinsurgency in Malaya lacks any historical context to the setting whatsoever. A general knowledge of Malaya's demographics, history during World War Two that led to tension with British colonial authorities, and economic situation is assumed or simply not explained. The author also fails to link British Malayan policy with later American policy. Joaquin Chavez's essay takes twenty pages before explicitly linking any American policy with the brutality of El Salvador's military government. Gurman refers to the "National Liberation Front" (the proper name for what was popularly known in America as the Viet Cong) almost exclusively, without explaining that they and the Viet Cong are the same. I would interpret this as a principled (if explanation-worthy) attempt to call this group by the name they prefer, except she later uses the terms "VC" and Viet Cong, also without explanation. Gurman refers to "My Lai" (a gruesome massacre perpetrated by American soldiers) multiple times without context or explanation. It's just assumed that the reader knows. "Iraq: Part 1" is pseudo-journalistic with dramatic literary introductions to its sub-chapters. The piece on the Filipino Huk women is ridiculous: full of metaphoric tripe about women's bodies and gender sterotyping. The author sees fit to mention as an afterthought that the Huks were crushed and the American counterinsurgency was a success. I can relate to concerns about ethnocentric stereotyping and sexism, but that is not why I bought this book, nor does it serve the stated purpose of the book. This piece should have been left in the files of the academic gender studies convention from which it was undoubtedly unearthed. For each essay to truly serve the book's stated premise, it must answer these questions: How does this disprove that American counterinsurgency can accomplish our national foreign policy goals? Why does American counterinsurgency fail? For too much of the writing in "Hearts and Minds," the connections to the theme of the collection and its prospective reader are tenuous and lack the context necessary to truly educate the reader.
The scholarship is unprofessional as well. There are numerous typos, even in photo captions (really?), and although those are inevitable in large works, I expect better from individual scholarly articles. The problems run far deeper than the surface. Mr. Chavez cites "American CIA counterinsurgency doctrine" more than once in reference to dictators in El Salvador over the course of three decades, without bothering to prove it. Was the CIA involved, or is Mr. Chavez just implying that the dictators learned their worst tricks from watching American policy? If so, what policy in particular? Sources, please. Sources: the end notes and sourcing of the pieces in this book are confusing and (deliberately?) hard to penetrate. One author makes four or five completely different assertions in one paragraph, and ends the paragraph with an end note. In the corresponding note at the back, three or four different works are haphazardly listed, with wide page ranges. Another directly quotes American overseer of Iraq, L. Paul Bremer, in a suspiciously controversial way, and the citation leads the reader to an entire book by Cockburn, with no specific page number. Direct quotes should always be linked to a specific page. It's hard not to imagine this omission as deliberate. If so, why? Multiple examples are given of incidents in which Iraqi "protestors" are "shot down in the street." The word 'protestor' evokes first amendment-style assembly and demonstration. Check the citations and you'll see that most of them actually refer to violent rioting: a very different animal indeed. A single 'protestor' killed during a violent riot in a large and dangerous city like Baghdad is hardly an indictment of American military behavior. It might even be the opposite.
The unprofessionalism doesn't stop there. Communism looms large in the early pieces, and is often cryptically presented. Government "crackdowns" against communists are often portrayed (without a hint of irony) as repression against "students," "teachers," "intellectuals," or "democratic reform." This smacks of a manipulative game being played with the reader. Repression is never a good "look," but when we step outside of ourselves, can we truly mention these "crackdowns" without noting the greater historical context, which is that communist revolts had produced some of the most brutal, repressive, and murderous regimes at that time? Is anyone suggesting that given the nightmare of Stalin's Russia and Mao's China, no one at the time had a right to be paranoid about communist power? Perhaps not, but this context should be addressed. In discussing Bremer's attempt to crush the Shiite cleric Muqtada al-Sadr's armed group, the Iraq pieces cite Muqtada's popularity with his religious compatriots, and his security efforts in his neighborhood, but ignore the fact that he was wanted for ordering the murder of a prominent rival cleric. Why is this? It can be difficult not to perceive an anti-American axe to grind running through the essays in this book, to which scholarly professionalism is taking a back seat. This is disheartening, especially given how hard it is to find truly professional writing on American affairs. There are kernels of real insight, including the "softer counterinsurgency" late in our involvement in Vietnam that actually produced more bloodshed and cruelty than the "harder" one, and the idiocy of American night raids in Afghanistan that offend Afghans on a far deeper cultural level than most of us understand. These bright spots are too few and far between to save this book, however.
I expect a higher standard to be upheld, academia. This is not how we learned to write history as undergraduates, from "the people's" perspective or otherwise.
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